Геннадий Воля

http://www.organizmica.com/archive/609/vks.shtml Китайская стена – великое заграждение от китайцев А.А. Тюняев, президент Академии фундаментальных наук, академик РАЕН, 21.09.2009 г.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Graecia Magna Græcia (Latin for "Greater Greece", Greek: Μεγάλη Ἑλλάς, Megálē Hellás) is the name of the coastal areas of Southern Italy on the Tarentine Gulf that was extensively colonized by Greek settlers, especially the Achaean collonies of Tatentium, Crotone and Sybaris but also, more loosely, the cities of Cumae and Neopolis to the north[1]. The colonists who started arriving in the eighth century BC brought with them their Hellenic civilization, which was to leave a lasting imprint in Italy and particularly on the culture of ancient Rome. Antiquity Main article: Greek colonies ("apoikiai") In the eighth and seventh centuries BC, for various reasons, including demographic crisis (famine, overcrowding, etc.), the search for new commercial outlets and ports, and expulsion from their homeland, Greeks began to settle in southern Italy (Cerchiai, pp. 14-18). In this same time, Greek colonies were established in places as widely separated as the eastern coast of the Black Sea and Massalia (Marseille). They included settlements in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian peninsula. The Romans called the area of Sicily and the foot of the boot of Italy Magna Graecia (Latin, “Great Greece”), since it was so densely inhabited by the Greeks. The ancient geographers differed on whether the term included Sicily or merely Apulia and Calabria — Strabo being the most prominent advocate of the wider definitions. With this colonization, Greek culture was exported to Italy, in its dialects of the Ancient Greek language, its religious rites and its traditions of the independent polis. An original Hellenic civilization soon developed, later interacting with the native Italic and Latin civilisations. The most important cultural transplant was the Chalcidean/Cumaean variety of the Greek alphabet, which was adopted by the Etruscans; the Old Italic alphabet subsequently evolved into the Latin alphabet, which became the most widely used alphabet in the world. Many of the new Hellenic cities became very rich and powerful, like Capua, Neapolis (Νεάπολις, Naples), Syracuse, Acragas, Sybaris, (Σύβαρις). Other cities in Magna Graecia included Tarentum (Τάρας), Epizephyrian Locris (Λοκροί Ἐπιζεφύριοι), Rhegium (Ῥήγιον), Croton (Κρότων), Thurii (Θούριοι), Elea (Ἐλέα), Nola (Νῶλα), Ancona (Ἀγκών), Syessa (Σύεσσα), Bari (Βάριον) and others. Following the Pyrrhic War, Magna Graecia was absorbed into the Roman Republic. During the Early Middle Ages, following the disastrous Gothic War, new waves of Byzantine Christian Greeks came to Magna Graecia from Greece and Asia Minor, as Southern Italy remained loosely governed by the Eastern Roman Empire. The iconoclast emperor Leo III appropriated lands that had been granted to the Papacy in southern Italy[2] and the Eastern Emperor loosely governed the area until the advent of the Lombards then, in the form of the Catapanate of Italy, superseded by the Normans. Moreover the Byzantines would have found in Southern Italy people of common cultural root, the Greek-speaking eredi ellenofoni of Magna Graecia. Although most of the Greek inhabitants of Southern Italy became entirely Italianized (as Paestum had already been in the 4th century BC) and no longer spoke Greek, remarkably a small Griko-speaking minority still exists today in Calabria and mostly in Salento. Griko is the name of a language combining ancient Doric, Byzantine Greek, and Italian elements, spoken by people in the Magna Graecia region. There is rich oral tradition and Griko folklore, limited now, though once numerous, to only a few thousand people, most of them having become absorbed into the surrounding Italian element. Records of Magna Graecia being predominantly Greek-speaking, date as late as the eleventh century (the end of Byzantine domination in Southern Italy). [edit] Modern Italy Today a small minority of around 30,000 speakers of Griko live in the Italian regions of Calabria and Apulia. Though modern Griko is closely related to the koine, or common Greek, which had spread throughout the Mediterranean in Hellenistic times, it is said to maintain some elements of Doric Greek, and some believe its origin may ultimately be traced to the colonies of Magna Graecia.

от "Arlin" МОГИЛЬНЫЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ СЕВЕРЯНСКОЙ ЧЕРНИГОВЩИНЫ. Д.Я. Самоквасов. Москва, 1916 часть вторая (стр. 50-98) http://ifolder.ru/14754620 http://www.drevnosti.org/images/Books/Samo...nosti_part2.pdf МОГИЛЬНЫЕ ДРЕВНОСТИ СЕВЕРЯНСКОЙ ЧЕРНИГОВЩИНЫ. Д.Я. Самоквасов. Москва, 1916 часть первая (стр. 1-49) http://ifolder.ru/14754073 http://www.drevnosti.org/images/Books/Samo...nosti_part1.pdf

Представляется, что "тюркские народы" - очередной западный политико-исторический проект, который может дорого стоить в будущем как самим "тюркам" так и их соседям. А главное заложена потенциальная "межэтническая и межрелигиозная" мина под потенциальных стратегических "соперников или даже врагов" запада: Китай, Россию, Иран. Посмотрел ещё раз элементарную википедию и творчество "тюркофилов": http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8 1. Не следует понимать так, что все современные тюркоязычные народы являются прямыми этническими родственниками древних тюрок. Многие тюркоязычные этносы, называемые сегодня тюрками, образовались в результате многовекового влияния тюркской культуры и тюркского языка на другие народы и этносы Евразии. То есть следует понимать, что есть тюрки и тюркские народы (потомкидревних тюрков), а есть тюркоязычные народы, которые не являются потомками древних тюрок, но восприняли язык и культуру древних тюрков взначительной степени. - значит есть собственно тюркские народы, а есть чуждые им, но всё равно тюрки, потому что их "тюрки отуречили". Я так понимаю как раз речь идёт о европеидных и монголоиодных. далее как раз об этом: 2. Историческая родина тюрок— Центральная Азия (Алтай, Джунгария)[1].Длительное время тюркские и монгольские племена проживали рядом, нередко знали язык соседей. В начале нашей эры тюрки вытеснили индоевропейцев из Средней Азии. - оказывается "тюрки" вытеснили индоевропейцев? это что ж монголоиды вытеснили европеидов? так что ж такое Джунгария? Джунгария, Чжунгария, обширная горная страна Средней Азии между Тянь-Шанем и Алтаем, прежде государство монголов, джунгаров и ойратов; 1758 завоевана Китаем. Ныне небольшая часть Д. входит в состав Семиречен. обл., а главнейшая образует монг. окр. Кобдо, округа Тарбагатай и Или (Кульджа) и кит. пров. Синь-Цзян. Население: таранчи, кара-китайцы, дунгане, киргизы, калмыки. или Джунгария (кит. 準噶爾, каз. Жоңғария, уйг. جۇڭغار ئويمانلىقى, монг. Зүүнгар) — пустыня в Центральной Азии, на северо-западе Китая, составной регион пустыни Гоби («Джунгарская Гоби»). Ограничена горами Монгольский Алтай на севере и востоке и Тянь-Шанем на юге. Крайний восток пустыни переходит в Монгольскую Гоби. Площадь 777 000 кмІ. В её составе различают Дзосотын-Элисун, Курбантонгут, Карамайли, Коббе и др. На территории пустыни находилось Джунгарское ханство. Так горная страна или пустыня? Однако для кочевников ни то, ни другое не подходит для проживания и тем более расцвета. 3. Антропологически современные тюрки относятся к двум большим расам— монголоидному и европеоидному, однако больше распространены переходные формы. Монголоидные черты уменьшаются, а европеоидные усиливаются от Востока к Западу, наиболее монголоидными являются якуты, киргизы, тувинцы и др., наиболее европеизированные— турки, гагаузы, татары и др. Тюркоязычные народы широко распространены по Евразии. Не все они являются прямыми потомками древних тюрок, многие представляют собой тюркизированное автохтонное население. Общая численность тюрок в мире— около 170 млн человек. - опять же попытка объединить в один народ народы разные, отличающиеся как антропологически так и изначально лингвистически. 4. В I тысячелетии н.э. тюрки расселились в Средней Азии, смешавшись с ираноязычными народами[источникнеуказан167дней] (среднеазиатские тюрки). Первым известным государственным объединением тюрок была орда Хунну (известных с V века в Европе под названием гунны). Хунну, объединившсь с уграми, сарматами и славянами дошли до территории современной Франции, но были остановлены франками. - замечательно какие-то "тюрки" смешались с ариями и из них появились собственно "тюрки". Видно предыдущая попытка с монголоидами не дала положительного результата - не дали потомства? Про хунну и Атиллу писалось русскими и славянскими историками достаточно. Но надо же как нибудь тюркам-монголам в европейскую историю залезть, вот они и пытаются вместе со славянами и сарматами, что есть одно и то же. а вот это прямо не в бровь а в глаз! 5. С VI века область в среднем течении Сырдарьи и реки Чу стала именоваться Туркестаном или Тураном (этимология слов иранская). В основе топонима лежит этноним «тур», являвшийся общим племенным названием древних кочевых и полукочевых ираноязычных народов Центральной Азии. особенно если перевести ираноязычные словом правильным "арии", а символ "тура" использовался от клинописных табличек древних ариев в Междуречье, далее в Малой Азии у хетов и у гетов за Дунаем, до Слова о Полку Игореве у русских. Для ради создания великого суперэтноса и великого проекта, к тюркам можно также отнести и потомков евреев и греков! 6. Караимы — тюркоязычный этнос, исповедующий караизм, называемый иногда особой формой иудаизма. По одной из версий, являются потомками хазар. Говорят на караимском языке, близком к крымскотатарскому. Крымчаки — тюркизированные крымские евреи. Говорят на крымчакском языке,близком к крымско-татарскому. В отличие от караимов, являютсяраббанитами, то есть исповедуют ортодоксальный иудаизм, также каккараимы предполагают свое этническое происхождение от тюркскогонаселения Хазарии, принявшего иудаизм.↑ Урумы — тюркизированные черноморские греки, говорящие на диалекте крымскотатарского языка. так что из выше списанного из википедии делаю вывод: турки, татары (европеидные "тюрки") есть арийского корня. К стати получается правы турки, когда пишут, что они от Яфетова корня, как и русы - славяне. Только они ушли в земли Симовы (на Восток) и покорили их. В этом смысле татарин=русский, потому что арии! и противопоставлять "турок и татар" и "ариев", глупость несусветная, очередная немецкая! Поэтому ромеи турок tu-RC называли персы phe\a-RCe (пе-РС-ы.) и опять вылезают эти две упрямые буквы РС, начиная с первого прочтения клинописных табличек где АССуР читается наоборот РуССа. персидское царство скифы создали (И.Малала)! (тут действительно придётся ТХ пересмотреть.), потому что: в 7-8 в. более 300 тыс. славян переселяются в Малую Азию и Ближний Восток! приняв мусульманство, спустя несколько веков они вернулись и покорили Ромейскую империю и взяли Царь-град, по этой же причине и у арабов часто в начальниках оказываются!, а не из рабов как нам западники заливают! всё различие и раздел из-за разных религий новых, которые приняли, что и привело к противостоянию и столкновениям! Так что из многочисленных фактов общих слов татарских и русских у меня вывод получился противоположный: не русские - татары и турки, но татары и турки - арии, родственные русским! А что касается термина "тюрки, тюркские народы", то это такая же фикция научная, как и "советский народ, евреи, и народ США"!

http://books.google.ru/books?id=W8MWAAAAQA...;q=&f=false Histoire de l'empire de Constantinople sous les empereurs français ..., том 2 Charles Du Fresne Du Cange (sieur), Jean Alexan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_Rome Matter of Rome According to the mediæval poet Jean Bodel, the Matter of Rome was the literary cycle made up of Greek and Roman mythology, together with episodes from the history of classical antiquity, focusing on military heroes like Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. Bodel's division of the literary cycles he knew best into the Matter of Britain, the Matter of France and the Matter of Rome calls to mind the concept of the Nine Worthies, made up of three champions of the Pagan, Jewish, and Christian faiths. These were the subjects of a good deal of Old French literature. The poems that were written on them were called the romans d'antiquité, the "romances of antiquity." This name presages the anachronistic approach the mediæval poets used in dealing with these subjects. For example, in the epic poems Roman d'Alixandre and the Roman de Troie, Alexander the Great, and Achilles and his fellow heroes of the Trojan War were treated as knights of chivalry, not much different from the heroes of the chansons de geste. Elements of courtly love were introduced into the poems; in the Roman de Thèbes, a romantic relationship absent from the Greek sources is introduced into the tale of Parthenopæus and Antigone. Military episodes in these tales were also multiplied, and used to introduce scenes of knight-errantry and tournaments. Another example of French mediæval poetry in this genre is the Eneas, a treatment of the Æneid that comes across as being a sort of burlesque of Virgil's poem. Sentimental and fantasy elements in the source material were multiplied, and incidents from Ovid, the most popular Latin poet of the Middle Ages, were mixed into the pastiche. The Philomela attributed to Chrétien de Troyes, a retelling of the story of Philomela and Procne, also takes its source from Ovid's Metamorphoses. This anachronistic treatment of elements from Greek mythology is similar to that of the Middle English narrative poem "Sir Orfeo", where the Greek Orpheus becomes the knight Sir Orfeo who rescues his wife Heurodis (i.e. Eurydice) from the fairy king. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesta_Romanorum Gesta Romanorum http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/c...ers/gr/gr1.html

Привожу ответ тюркам, которые сообщили, что арии у разных тюркских народов, по-тюркски: вар 1. каста воинов, вар.2. жрецов, царей Фарид: Генадий -АРИЙ - ара ий ,сословие ,жрецов ,веры ,как мужского так иженского рода ,к национальностям ,не имеет никакого отношения Фариду и Арману: Ещё раз, тугодум я всё-таки, вы же сами всё сказали честно и откровенно, я не придал значение, не задумался. Силён я всё-таки задним умом. Вы же честно и откровенно сказали (Арман ранее), Фарид - арии для тюрок - это брахманы-жрецы-цари (сначало цари были из жрецов, позже из воинов) Арман - арии для тюрок - воины (Кша́трий (санскр. क्षत्रिय, kṣatriya?, «властный, благородный»), также ра́джан (санскр. राजन्, rājan?, «повелитель»)— представитель второй по значимости (после брахманов) варны древнеиндийского общества, состоявшей из владетельных воинов. Для нас, ариев, изнутри нашего общества мы видим и знаем все сословия - варны, плюс: ремесленники, торговцы, крестьяне. Другие народы, соседние, сталкивались только с некоторыми варнами: цари и воины, дали слову арии такое узкое значение. для тюрок арии - воины, свободные вооружённые люди, а также жрецы и цари! смотрите древнюю историю переселений, освоения земель, покорения стран и народов ариев! Вы сами это сказали, я этого не хотел и не говорил! И продолжать эту тему считаю недопустимым из скромности нам присущей, и уважения к великим народам тюркским!

http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress...he-tarim-basin/ This is Yingpin man. He was buried with a gold foil death mask, and very ornately embroidered clothes. This , together with his height being a very well fed 6′6″, means he was probably from a rich ruling family. He died about 2,000 years ago, and had a blond beard and hair. DNA sequence data shows that the mummies happened to have haplotype characteristic of western Eurasia in the area of south Russia. About the controversy Mair has stated that: The new finds are also forcing a re-examination of old Chinese books that describe historical or legendary figures of great height, with deep-set blue or green eyes, long noses, full beards, and red or blond hair.

http://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress...he-tarim-basin/ This is Yingpin man. He was buried with a gold foil death mask, and very ornately embroidered clothes. This , together with his height being a very well fed 6′6″, means he was probably from a rich ruling family. He died about 2,000 years ago, and had a blond beard and hair. DNA sequence data shows that the mummies happened to have haplotype characteristic of western Eurasia in the area of south Russia. About the controversy Mair has stated that: The new finds are also forcing a re-examination of old Chinese books that describe historical or legendary figures of great height, with deep-set blue or green eyes, long noses, full beards, and red or blond hair.

Aspandiat! Allez-vous-en chez les grecs!

Je vous demande de bien vouloir ercire en francais qui est la langue officielle de ce forum. Salutations les plus distinguees, GV

http://rapidshare.com/files/128485254/Russ...iya_1905_10.pdf Русский Археологический институт в Константинополе Известия № 10 полностью посвящён раскопкам Плиски-Абобы первой столицы Болгар на Балканах, в 8-9 веках. основание приписывается Омиртагу он же, по-моему, Маламир, поскольку в германском таг- день, светлое время суток, а в сарматском (Афанасьев) мал - светлый, ясный. Значит Мал = Таг, одно и то же имя "Светлый Мир" на западно- и восточно славянском. Вариант объяснения: в надписи даны все имена царя. на языках народов по его властью. Поэтому Маламира и не могут "вписать" в хроноллогию!? 2. что касается Омир-таг - Маламира, то ассоциация ведёт меня дальше: - имя Омир есть то же самое что наше написание Гомера - Омир\Омер; - поскольку наш Омир Светлый, то Светлый и Святой есть также одно и тоже по смыслу. - то Святой Гомер\Омер есть то же самое, что и Омир Светлый!

http://rapidshare.com/files/128485254/Russ...iya_1905_10.pdf Русский Археологический институт в Константинополе Известия № 10 посвящён раскопкам Плиски-Абобы первой столицы Болгар на Балканах, в8-9 веках. приведено слово ВОНЛА сделанное в камне. таким образом видим русский корень вои(й) отсюда воин, война западнославянское чтение букв В даёт звук Б и отсюда также БОЙ, БО-ЕЦ, БОЙ-ня суффикс -ла тоже есть как часто бывает со старыми словами: води-ла, бомби-ла, имеет пежоративное значение. Можем продолжить ряд синонимов: бога-тирь - бык Бога бойа-тирь - боевой бык Тир чтение по-западному - тур даёт, бык дикий, эпитет с древнейших арийских времён известный в Междуречье (клинопись), далее у хетов в Малой Азии, у гетов в совр. Словакии, у траков и сармат в Причерноморье задолго до появления тюрок в этих местах. Успенский сообщает, что впервые слово богатыр использовано в отношении "татар" в Лаврентьевской летописи за 1240 год.

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Wolf Hieronymus Wolf (1516–1580), historien et humaniste allemand du XVIe siècle, est connu pour avoir instauré un système d'historiographie byzantine et pour avoir inventé le nom "Empire byzantin", devenu la norme concernant les travaux sur l'histoire grecque médiévale. Né à Ottingen, en Allemagne, il est l'étudiant de Philippe Melanchthon. Hieronymus Wolf fut éduqué selon les idéaux du mouvement humaniste naissant et étudia beaucoup d'œuvres grecques et latines. En 1537, il devient secrétaire et bibliothécaire à la bibliothèque d'Augsbourg, où il étudie et traduit de nombreux textes grecs, antiques et médiévaux. Jusqu'à cette époque, il n'y avait pas de distinction entre les œuvres grecques antiques et médiévales. D'ailleurs, les œuvres médiévales étaient secondaires comparées à l'intérêt porté aux auteurs classiques. Wolf, s'interessa à l'histoire grecque et publia ses travaux en 1557 sous le titre Corpus Historiae By­zantinae. L'impact de cette œuvre sur le long terme fut important car elle servira de fondations aux travaux futurs sur l'histoire médiévale grecque. Au début du XVIIe siècle, Louis XIV provoqua un assemblage de toutes les œuvres byzantines, et fit appel pour cela à plusieurs érudits du monde entier. L'œuvre de Hieronymus Wolf servit de base à ce travail. Le résultat fut un Corpus Historiae Byzantinae en 34 volumes. Cette édition popularisa les termes Byzantin et Empire Byzantin qui devinrent par la suite utilisés dans les études historiques.

Historian invented the name "assirian" - Assur - inverso Russa!: HENRY DODWELL (1641-1711), scholar, theologian and controversial writer, was born at Dublin in October, 1641. at York, Henry received his preliminary education at the free school. In 1654 he was sent to Trinity College, Dublin. in 1688 he was elected Camden professor of history at Oxford. In 1691 he was deprived of his professorship for refusing to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary. Retiring to Shottesbrooke in Berkshire, he devoted himself to the study of chronology and ecclesiastical polity. Dodwell died at Shottesbrooke on the 7th of June 1711. His chief works on classical chronology are: A Discourse concerning Sanchoniathon's Phoenician History (1681); Annales Thucydidei et Xenophontei (1702); Chronologia GraecoRomana pro hypothesibus Dion. Halicarnassei (1692); Annales Velleiani, Quintilianei, Statiani (1698); and a larger treatise entitled De veteribus Graecorum Romanorumque Cyclis (1701). Denis Pétau (DIONYSIUS PETAVIUS) One of the most distinguished theologians of the seventeenth century, born at Orléans, 1583; died at Paris, 11 December, 1652. He studied first at Orléans, then at Paris, where he successfully defended his theses for the degree of Master of Arts, not in Latin, but in Greek. After this he followed the theological lectures at the Sorbonne, and, on the advice of Ysambert, successfully applied for the chair of philosophy at Bourges. he treats of chronology, history, philosophy, polemics, patristics, and history of dogma. The first edition of the works of Synesius appeared in 1612; in 1613 and 1614 the discourses of Themistius and Julian (new ed., 1630); in 1616 the "Breviarium historicum Nicephori"; then, an edition of St. Epiphanius in two volumes (1622; new ed., 1632). In 1622 and 1623 appeared the "Mastigophores", three pamphlets, and the notes dealing with Saumaise's "Tertullian", ahitter polemical work. Among his previous writings, Pétau had inserted some masterly dissertations on chronology; in 1627 he brought out his "De doctrina temporum", and later the "Tabulæ chronologicæ" (1628, 1629, 1633, 1657). It surpassed Scaliger's "De Emendatione temporum" (Paris, 1583). His chronological work has long since been surpassed, and a list of errors — inevitable at the period — could be drawn up even in the case of this man who boasted that he counted no less than eight thousand mistakes in the "Annals" of Baronius. It is far from being perfect and his criticism is more than once at fault. But his merit increases in spite of his shortcomings, when it is remembered that he had at hand only very imperfect editions of the Fathers, all inferior to the great masterpieces of the Benedictines; that many of the known texts only existed in translations, or in late and poorly studied manuscripts; that his predecessors in this line were few and practically everything had to be created. inventor of "Χαλδαίοι" Georgius Syncellus (Greek Georgios ho Sygkellos). Died after 810; the author of one of the more important medieval Byzantine chronicles. He had lived many years in Palestine as a monk; under the Patriarch Tarasius (784-806) he came to Constantinople to fill the important post of syncellus. The syncellus is the patriarch's private secretary, generally a bishop. Instead, when his patron died he retired to a monastery and there wrote his chronicle. The only date we know at the end of his life is 810 (6302 an. mundi), which he mentions (Dindorf's edition, 389, 20, see below) as the current year. The chronicle, called by its author, "Extract of Chronography" (Ekloge chronographias), contains the history of the world from the Creation to the death of Diocletian (316). He took trouble to secure good manuscripts of the Septuagint and did some respectable work as a critic in collating them. He also quotes Greek Fathers — Gregory Nazianzen and Chrysostom especially. His interest is always directed in the first place to questions of chronology. The "Extract of Chronology" has merit. Krumbacher counts it as the best work of its kind in Byzantine literature (op. cit., 341). That the author thinks the Septuagint more authentic than the Hebrew text — of which he could read nothing at all — is a harmless and inevitable weakness in a Greek monk.

после работ этих русских историков вообще вопрос уже давно серьёзно не обсуждается среди серьёзных историков, как профессиональных так и любителей! Гедеонов С.А. Варяги и Русь. Части 1-2. 1876. http://rapidshare.com/files/143882691/Gede...usj_01_1876.pdf http://rapidshare.com/files/143883074/Gede...usj_02_1876.pdf Иловайский Д.И. Разыскания о начале Руси. (Переиздано под названием "Начало руси"). http://rapidshare.com/files/132952506/Ilov...achale_Rusi.pdf

Здравейте! Читаю с любопытством споры о варягах, скандинавах, и еще раз убеждаюсь, что два выхода у меня: умереть от смеха или от глупости! Или от смеха над глупостью! Поскольку не могу участвовать в болгарской части, но многие вопросы уже проходили, даю цитаты из других форумов: 1. "Отче наш" на варяжском языке http://varing.livejournal.com/5531.html 2. ответ Андрею Клушину, проф.историку, скандинавофилу: Поскольку моё предложение посмотреть "Элементарную логику" пропало в туне и идеи, противоречащие ей продолжают бурлит в голове "профессионального историка", то поясняю конкретно, почему идеи скандинавского происхождения руси противоречат аксиомам элементарной логики (смотри круги Эйлера). Круги Эйлера наглядно описывают возможные варианты соотношений разных систем. Так вот русский народ, насчитывающий сейчас до 200 млн, просто не может быть частью, малой или большой, норвеев - 4,8 млн, шведов - 9,3 млн, данов - 5,5 млн. Для того чтобы доказать верность норманской теории надо всего лишь опровергнуть элементарную логику с её аксиомами, затем доказать чрезвычайно бурное и прогрессивное развитие русов и регрессивное развитие норманов, накопить денег, чтобы купить фрак и поехать в Швецию получить Нобелевскую премию. 3. от Евгения Гладилина: 808 год «Лоршские и Мозельские аналы» - Датский конунг Готфрид напал на ободритов и разрушил их главный город Рерик (Рарог, Велиград, Макленбург), взял в плен князя ободритов Годослава и повесил его на ворота столицы." Сыновья Годослава Рурик, Трувор и Синеус, внуки новгородского князя Гостомысла в 862 году пришли в Новгород. С национальной принадлежностью все понятно, но Рурик захватил власть и отменил выборность властных органов - стал государем-господином, то есть, основал государство на месте племенных союзов. С целью устранения конкуренции в 864 году были убит Вадим Храбрый и благополучно почили Синеус и Трувор. 4. Нестор в ПВЛ утверждает, что варяги бывают разных национальностей, потому что варяг это профессия, а не национальность: ЛѢТОПИСЬ ПО ИПАТЬЕВСКОМУ СПИСКУ. http://litopys.org.ua/ идоша за море к Варѧгом̑ . к Руси . сіце бо звахуть . ты Варѧ̑гы Русь . ӕко се друзии зовутсѧ Свеє . друзии же Оурмани . Аньглѧне . инѣи и Готе . тако и си Словарь Даля тоже говорит, что варяг - это купец. Общего между русским словом ВаряГ и иностранным словом ВикинГ - только две буквы, ничего боле!

есть издание Деяния Вселенских соборов, изданные в русском переводе при Казанской духовной академии. Том, год. http://rapidshare.com/files/203389877/Deya...rov_01_1859.pdf но это перевод с западного издания. находим стр 22, 33-34 Памфилий Скифопольский. Странно, но это противоречит как Сократу Схоластику, дающего ссылку на историю Евнапия, а также например Карташева Историю Вселенских Соборов и Венелина, которые все называют его Скфиским. Подозреваю очередное западное исправление. есть ещё стр 33-34 епископ Сармат и Ахилл, первое больше похоже на название места епископства - Сарматию, второе по Иоану Малале - имя скифское. Нужно искать издание или более древнее либо перевод с греческого прямо, а не не через латинский и западную редакцию.

http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/fomenko/inewton.htm A short chronicle From the First Memory of things in Europe to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the great By Sir Isaac Newton The introduction So then a little after the death of Alexander the great, they began to set down the Generations, Reigns and Successions, in numbers of years, and by putting Reigns and Successions equipollent to Generations, and three Generation so an hundred or an hundred and twenty years (as appears by their Chronology) they have made the Antiquities of Greece three or four hundred years older than the truth. And this was the original of the Technical Chronology of the Greeks. Eratosphenes wrote about an hundred years after the death of Alexander the great: He was followed by Apollodorus, and these two have been followed ever since by Chronologers. First Aristotle and Some others made him as old as the first Olympiad; then Eratosthenes, Apollodorus, and some others made him above an hundred years older: and in another place (in the life of Solon) Plutarch tells us: The congress of Solon with Croesus, some think they can confute by Chronology. But an history so illustrious, and verified by so many witnesses, and (which is more) so agreeable to the manners of Solon, and so worthy of the greatness of his mind and of his wisdom, I cannot persuade myself to reject because of some Chronological Canons, as they call them: which hundreds of authors correcting, have not yet been able to constitute any thing certain, in which they could agree among themselves, about repugnancies. It seems the Chronologers had made the Legislature of Solon too ancient to consist with that Congress. For reconciling such repugnancies, Chronologers have sometimes doubled the persons of men. So when the Poets had changed lo the daughter of Inachus into the Egyptian Isis, Chronologers made her husband Osiris or Bacchus and his mistress Ariadne as old as lo, and so feigned that there were two Ariadnes, one the mistress of Bacchus, and the other the mistress of Theseus, and two Minors their fathers, and a younger lo the daughter of Jass, writing Jasus corruptly for Inachus. And so they have made two Pandions, and two Erechtheus's, giving the name of Erechthonius to the first; Homer calls the first, Erechtheus: and by such corruptions they have exceedingly perplexed Ancient History. And as for the Chronology of the Latines, that is still more uncertain. Plutarch represents great uncertainties in the Originals of Rome: and so doth Servius. The old records of the Latines were burnt by the Gauls, sixty and four years before the death of Alexander the great; and Quintus Eabius Pictor, the oldest historian of the Latines, lived an hundred years later than that King. In Sacred History, the Adrian Empire began with Pul and Tiglathpilaser, and lasted about 170 years. And accordingly Herodotus hath made Semiramis only five generations, or about 166 years older than Nitocris, the mother of the last King of Babylon, But Ctestas hath made Semiramis 1500 years older than Nitocris, and feigned a long series of Kings of Assyria, whose names are not Assyrian, nor have any affinity with the Assyrian names in Scripture. The Priests of Egypt told Herodotus, that Menes built Memphis and the sumptuous temple of Vulcan, in that City: and that Rhampstnitus, Maeris, Asychis and Psammiticus added magnificent porticos to that temple. And it is not likely that Memphis could be famous, before Homers days who doth not mention it, or that a temple could be above two or three hundred years in building. The Reign of Psammiticus began about 655 years before Christ, and I place the founding of this temple by Menes about 257 years earlier: but the Priests of Egypt had so magnified their Antiquities before the days of Herodotus, as to tell him that from Menes to Maeris (who reigned 200 years before Psammiticus) there were 330 Kings, whose Reigns took up as many Ages, that is eleven thousand years, and had filled up the interval with feigned Kings, who had done nothing. And before the days of Diodorus Siculus they had raised their Antiquities to much higher, as to place six, eight, or ten new Reigns of Kings between those Kings, whom they had represented to Herodotus to succeed one another immediately. In the Kingdom of Sicyon, Chronologers have Split Apis Epaphus or Epopees into two Kings, whom they call Apis and Epopeus, and between them have inserted eleven or twelve feigned names of Kings who did nothing, and thereby they have made its Founder Aegialeus, three hundred years older than his brother Phoroneus. Some have made the Kings of Germany as old as the Flood: and yet before the use of letters, the names and actions of men could scarce be remembred above eighty or an hundred years after their deaths: and therefore I admit no Chronology of things done in Europe, above eighty years before Cadmus brought letters into Europe, none, of things done in Germany, before the rise of the Roman Empire. Now since Eratosthenes and Apollodorus computed the times by the Reigns of the Kings of Sparta, and (as appears by their Chronology still followed) have made the seventeen Reigns of these Kings in both Races, between the Return of the Heraclides into Peloponnesus and the Battel of Thermopylae, take up 622 years, which is after the rate of 36 1/2 years to a Reign, and yet a Race of seventeen Kings of that length is no where to be met with in all true History, and Kings at a moderate reckoning Reign but 18 or 20 years a-piece one with another: I have stated the time of the return of the Heraclides by the last way of reckoning, placing it about 340 years before the Battel of Thermopylae. And making the Taking of Troy eighty years older than that Return, according to Thucydides, and the Argonautic Expedition a Generation older than the Trojan War, and the Wars of Sesostris in Thrace and death of Ino the daughter of Cadmus a Generation older than that Expedition: I have drawn up the following Chronological Table, so as to make Chronology suit with the Course of Nature, with Astronomy, with Sacred History, with Herodotus the Father of History, and with it self; without the many repugnancies complained of by Plutarch. I do not pretend to be exact to a year: there may be Errors of five or ten years, and sometimes twenty, and not much above. In the year before Christ 1125 Mephres Reigned over the upper Egypt from Syene to Heliopolis, and his Successor Misphragmuthosis made a lasting war upon the Shepherds soon after, and caused many of them to fly into Palestine, Idumaea, Syria, and Libya; and under Lelex, Aezeus, Inachus, Pelasgus, Aeolus the first, Cecrops, and other Captains, into Greece. Before those days Greece and all Europe was peopled by wandring Cimmerians, and Scythians from the backside of the Euxine Sea, who lived a rambling wild fort of life, like the Tartars in the nothern parts of Asia. Of their Race was Ogyges, in whose days these Egyptian strangers came into Greece. The rest of the Shepherds were shut up by Misphragmuthosis, in a part of the lower Egypt called Abaris or Pelusium. In the year 1100 the Philistims, stregthened by the access of the Shepherds, conquer Israel, and take the Ark. Samuel judges Israel. 1085. Haemon the son of Pelasgus Reigns in Thessaly. 1080. Lycaon the son of Pelasgus builds Lycosura; Phoroneus the son of Inachus, Phoronicum, afterwards called Argos; Aegialeus the brothe of Phoroneus and son of Inachus, Aegialeum, afterward called Sicyon: and these were the oldest towns in Peloponnesus. Till then they built only single houses scattered up and down in the fields. About the same time Cecrops built Cecropia in Attica, afterwards called Athens; and Eleusine, the son of Ogyges, built Eleusis. And these towns gave a beginning to the Kingdoms of the Arcadians, Argives, Sicyons, Athenians, Eleusinians, &c. Deucalion flourishes. 1070. Amosis, or Tethmosis, the successor of Misphragmuthosis, abolishe the Phoenician custom in Heliopolis of sacrificing men, and drives the Shepherds out of Abaris. By their acccess the Philistims become so numerous, as to bring into the field against Saul 30000 chariots, 6000 horsemen, and people as the sand on the sea shore for multitude. Abas, the father of Acrisius and Proetus, comes from Egypt. 1069. Saul is made King of Israel, and by the hand of Jonathan gets a great victory over the Philistims. Eurotas the son of Lelex, and Lacedaemon who married Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, Reigns in Laconia, and build Sparta. 1059. David made King. 1048. The Edomites are conquered and dispersed by David, and Some of them fly into Egypt with their young King Hadad. Others fly to the Persian Gulph with their Commander Oannes; and others from the Red Sea to the coast of the Mediterranean, and fortify Azoth against David, and take Zidon; and the Zidonians who fled from them build Tyre and Aradus, and make Abibalus King of Tyre. These Edomites carry to all places their Arts and Sciences; amongst which were their Navigation, Astronomy, and Letters; for in Idumaea they had Constellations and Letters before the days of Job, who mentions them: and there Moses learnt to write the Law in a book. These Edomites who fled to the Mediterranean, translating the word Erythraea into that of Phoenicia, give the name of Phoenicians to themselves, and that of Phoenicia to all the sea-coasts of Palestine from Azoth to Zidon. And hence came the tradition of the Persians, and of the Phoenicians themselves, mentioned by Herodotus, that the Phoenicians came originally from the Red Sea, and presently undertook long voyages on the Mediterranean. 1045. Many of the Phoenicians and Syrians fleeing from Zidon and from David, come under the conduct of Cadmus, Cilix, Phoenix, Membliarius, Nycteus, Thases, Atymnus, and other Captains, into Asia minor, Crete, Greece, and Libya; and introduce Letters, Music, Poetry, the Octaeteris, Metals and their fabrication, and other Arts, Sciences and Customs of the Phoenicians. At this time Cranaus the Successor of Cecrops Reigned in Attics and in his Reign and the beginning of the Reign of Nyctimus, the Greeks place the flood of Deucalion. This flood was Succeeded by four Ages or Generations of men, in the first of which Chiron the son of Saturn and Philyra was born, and the last of which according to Hesiod ended with the Trojan War; and so places the destruction of Troy four Generations or about 140 years later than that flood, and the coming of Cadmus, reckoning with the ancients three Generations to an hundred years. With these Phoenicians came a Sort of men skilled in the Religious Mysteries, Arts, and Sciences of Phoenicia, and settled in Several places under the names of Curetes, Corybantes, Telchines, and Idaei Dactyli. 1035. Erectheus Reigns in Attica. Aethlius, the grandson of Deucalion and father of Endymion, builds Elis. The Idaei Dactyli find out Iron in mount Ida in Crete, and work it into armour and iron tools, and thereby give a beginning to the trades of Smiths and armourers in Europe; and by singing and dancing in their armour, and keeping time by striking upon one another's armour with their Swords, they bring in Music and Poetry; and at the same time they nurse up the Cretan Jupiter in a cave of the same mountain, dancing about him in their armour. 1030. Ceres a woman of Sicily, in seeking her daughter who was stolen, comes into Attica, and there teaches the Greeks to sow corn; for which benefaction she was Deified after death. She first taught the Art to Triptolemus the young son of Celeus King of Eleusis. 1028. Oenotrus the youngest son of Lycaon, the Janus of the Latines, led the first Colony of Greeks into Italy, and there taught them to build houses. Perseus born. 1019. Solomon Reigns, and marries the daughter of Ammon, and by means of this affinity is supplied with horses from Egypt, and his merchants also bring horses from thence for all the Kings of the Hittites and Syrians: for horses came originally from Libya; and licence Neptune was called Equestris. Tantalus King of Phrygia steals Ganimede the son of Tros King of Troas. 1017. Solomon by the assistance of the Tyrians and Aradians, who had mariners among them acquainted with the Red Sea, sets out a fleet upon that sea. Those ashstanis build new cities in the Persian Gulph, called Tyre and Aradus. 1015. The Temple of Solomon is founded. Minos Reigns in Crete expelling his father Asterius, who flees into Italy, and becomes the Saturn of the Latinos. Ammon takes Gezer from the Canaanites, and gives it to his daughter, Solomon's wife. 1007. Ceres being dead Eumolpus institutes her Mysteries in Eleusine. The Mysteries of Rhea are instituted in Phrygia, in the city Cybcle. About this time Temples begin to be built in Greece. Hyagnis the Phrygian invents the pipe. After the example of the common-council of the five Lords of the Philistims, the Greeks set up the Amphictyonic Council, first at Thermopylae, by the influence of Amphictyon the son of Deucalion; and a few years after at Delphi by the influence of Acrisius. Among the cites, whose deputies met at Thermopylae, I do not find Athens, and therefore doubt whether Amphictyon was King of that city. if he was the son of Deucalion and brother of Hellen, he and Cranaus might Reign together in several parts of Attica. But I meet with a later Amphictyon who entertained the great Bacchus. This Council worshipped Ceres, and therefore was instituted after her death. 1006. Minos prepares a fleet, clears the Greek seas of Pyrates, and sends Colonies to the Islands of the Greeks, some of which were not inhabited before. Cecrops II. Reigns in Attica. Caucon teaches the Mysteries of Ceres in Messene. 1005. Andromeda carried away from Joppa by Perseus. Pandion the brother of Cecrops II. Reigns in Attica. Car, the Son of Phoroneus, builds a Temple to Ceres. 989. Daedalus and his nephew Talus invent the saw, the turning-lath, the wimble, the chipax, and other instruments of Carpenters and Joyners, and thereby give a beginning to those Arts in Europe. Daedalus also invented the making of Statues with their feet asunder, as if they walked. 983. Sisyphus, the son of Aeolus and grandson of Hellen, Reigns in Corinth, and some say that he built that city. 974. Sesac spoils the Temple, and invades Syria and Persia, Setting up pillars in many places. Jeroboam, becoming subject to Sesac, sets up the worship of the Egyptian Gods in Israel. 971. Sesac invades India, and returns with triumph the next year but one: whence Trieterica Bacchi. He sets up pillars on two mountains at the mouth of the river Ganges. 968. Theseus Reigns, having overcome the Minotaur, and soon after unites the twelve cities of Attica under one government. Sesac, having carried on his victories to Mount Caucases, leaves his nephew Prometheus there, and Aeetes in Colchis. 967. Sesac passing over the Hellespont conquers Thrace, kills Lycurgus King thereof, and gives his Kingdom and one of his finging-women to Oeagrus the father of Orpheus. Sesac had in his army Ethiopians commanded by Pan, and Libyan women commanded by Myrina or Minerva. It was the custom of the Ethiopians to dance when they were entring into a battel, and from their skipping they were painted with goats feet in the form of Satyrs. 965. Sesac is baffled by the Greeks and Scythians, loses many of his women with their Queen Minerva, composes the war, is received by Amphiction at a feast, buries Ariadne, goes back through Asia and Syria into Egypt, with innumerable captives, among whom was Tithonus the son of Laomedon King of Troy; and leaves his Libyan Amazons, under Marthesia and Lampeto, the successors of Minerva, at the river Thermodon. He left also in Colchos Geographical Tables of all his conquests: And thence Geography had its rise. His singing-woman were celebrated in Thrace by the name of the Muses. And the daughters of Pierus a Thracian, imitating them, were celebrated by the same name. 64. Minos, making war upon Cocalus King of Sicily, is slain by him. He was eminent for his dominion, his Laws and his Justice: upon his sepulchre visited by Pythagoras, was this inscription, TOY DIOC, the Sepulchre of Jupiter. Danaus with his daughters flying from his brother Egyptus (that is from Sesac) corner into Greece. Sesac using the advice of his Secretary Thoth, distributes Egypt into xxxvi Nomes, and in every Nome erects a Temple, and appoints the several Gods, festivals and Religions of the several Nomes. The Temples were the sepulchres of his great men, where they were to be buried and worshipped after death, each in his own Temple, with ceremonies and festivals appointed by him; while He and his Queen, by the names of Osris and Isis, were to be worshipped in all Egypt. These were the Temples seen and described by Lucian eleven hundred years after, to be of one and the fame age: and this was the original of the several Nomes of Egypt, and of the several Gods and several Religions of those Nomes. Sesac divided also the land of Egypt by measure amongst his soldiers, and thence Geometry had its rise. Hercules and Eurystheus born. 963. Amphictyon brings the twelve Gods of Egypt into Greece, and these are the Diimagni majorum gentium, to whom the Earth and Planets and Elements are dedicated. 960. The war between the Lapithae and the people of Thessaly called Centaurs. 943. Evander and his mother Carmenta carry Letters into Italy. 939. The ship Argo is built after the pattern of the long ship in which Danaus came into Greece: and this was the first long ship built by the Greeks. Chiron, who was born in the Golden Age, forms the Constellations for the use of the Argonauts; and places the Solstitial and Equinoctial Points in the fifteenth degrees or middies of the Constellations of Cancer, Chelae, Capricorn, and Aries. Meton in the year of Nabonassar 316, observed the Summer Solstice in the eighth degree of Cancer, and therefore the Solstice had then gone back seven degrees. It goes back one degree in about seventytwo years, and seven degrees in about 504 years. Count these years back from the year of Nabonassae 316, and they will place the Argonautic expedition about 936 years before Christ. Gingris the son of Thoas slain, and Deified by the of Adonis. 938. Theseus, being fifty years old, steals Helena then seven years old. Pirithous the son of Ixion, endeavouring to steal Persephone the daughter of Orcus King of the Molossians, is slain by the Dog of Orcus; and his companion Theseus is taken and imprisoned. Helena is set liberty by her brothers. 937. The Argonautic expedition. Prometheus leaves Mount Caucasus, being set at liberty by Hercules. Laomedon King of Troy is slain by Hercules. Priam succeeds him. Talus a brazen man, of the Brazen Age, the son of Minos, is slain by the Argonauts. Aesculapius and Hercules were Argonauts, and Hippocrates was the eighteenth from Aesculapius by the father's side, and the nineteenth from Hercules by the mother's side; and because these generations, being noted in history, were most probably by the chief of the family, and for the most part by the eldest sons, we may reckon 28 or at the most 30 years to a generation: and thus the seventeen intervals by the father's side and eighteen by the mother's, will at a middle reckoning amount unto about 507 years, which being counted backwards from the beginning of the Peloponnesiean war, at which time Hippocrates began to flourish, will reach up to the time where we have placed the Argonautic expedition. 936. Theseus is Set at liberty by Hercules. 904. Troy taken. Amenophis was still at Susa; the Greeks feigning that he came from thence to the Trojan war. 883. Dido builds Carthage, and the Phoenicians begin presently after to sail as far as to the Straights Mouth, and beyond. Aeneas was still alive, according to Virgil. 870. Hesiod flourishes. He hath told us himself that he lived in the age next after the wars of Thebes and Troy, and that this age should end when the men then living grew hoary and dropt into the grave; and therefore it was but of an ordinary length: and Herodotus has told us that Hesiod and Homer were but 400 years older than himself. Whence it follows that the destruction of Troy was not older than we have represented it. 838. Cheops Reigns in Egypt. He built the greatest Pyramid for his sepulchre, and forbad the worship of the former Kings; intending to have been worshipped himself. 804. The war, between the Athenians and Spartans, in which Codrus, King of the Athenians, is slain. 794. The Ionic Migration, under the conduct of the sons of Codrus. 790. Pul founds the Assyrian Empire. 788. Alychis Reigns in Egypt, and builds the eastern Portico of the Temple of Vulcan very splendidly; and a large Pyramid of brick, made of mud dug out of the Lake of Moeris. Egypt breaks into several Kingdoms. Gnephactus and Bocchoris Reign successively in the upper Egypt, Stephanathis, Necepsos and Nechus, at Sais; Anysis or Amosis, at Anysis or Hanes; and Tacellotis, at Bubaste. 776. Iphitus restores the Olympiads. And from this Aera the Olympiads are now reckoned. Gnephactus Reigns at Memphis. 772. Necepsos and Pelosiris invent Astrology in Egypt. 760. Semiramis begins to flourish. Sanchoniatho writes. 747. Pul, King of Assyria, dies, and is succeeded at Nineveh by Tiglathpilasser, and at Babylon by Nabonassar. The Egyptians, who fled from Sabacon, carry their Astrology and Astronomy to Babylon, and found the Aera of Nabonassar in Egyptian years. 740. Tiglathpilasser, King of Assyria, takes Damascus, and captivates the Syrians. 729. Tiglathpilasser is succeeded by Salmanasser. 721. Salmanasser, King of Assyria, carries the Ten Tribes into captivity. 710. Lycurgus, brings the poems of Homer out of Asia into Greece. 708. Lycurgus, becomes tutor to Charillus or Charilaus, the young King of Sparta. Aristotle makes Lycurgus as old as Iphitus, because his name was upon the Olympic Disc. But the Disc was one of the five games called the Quinquertium, and the Quinquertium was first instituted upon the eighteenth Olympiad. Socrates and Thucydides made the institutions of Lycurgus about 300 years older than the end of the Peloponnesin war, that is, 705 years before Christ. 697. The Corinthians begin firtst of any men to build ships with three orders of oars, called Triremes. Hitherto the Greeks had used long vessels of fifty oars. 673. The Jews conquered by Asserhadon, and Manasseh carried captive to Babylon. 635. The Scythians invade the Medes and Assyrians. 627. Rome is built. 625. Nabopolassar revolts from the King of Assyria, and Reigns over Babylon. Phalantus leads the Parthenians into Italy, and builds Tarentum. 611. Cyaxeres Reigns over the Medes. 610. The Princes of the Scythians slain in a feast by Cyaxeres. 607. Creon the first annual Archon of the Athenians. The second Messian war begins. Cyaxeres makes the Scythians retire beyond Colchos and Iberia, and seizes the Assyrian Provinces of Armenia, Pontus and Cappadocia. 600. Darius the Mede, the son of Cyaxeres, is born. 599. Cyrus is born of Mandane, the Sister of Cyaxeres, and daughter of Astyages. 588. The Temple of Solomon is burnt by Nebuchadnezzar. The Messenians being conquired, fly into Sicily, and build Messana. 572 Draco is Archon of the Athenians, and makes laws for them. 569. Nebuchadnezzar invades Egypt. Darius the Mede Reigns. 562. Solon, being Archon of the Athenians, makes laws for them. 549. Solon dies, Hegestratus being Archon of Athens. 544. Sardes is taken by Cyrus. Darius the Mede recoins the Lydian money into Darics. 538. Babylon is taken by Cyrus. 536. Cyrus overcomes Darius the Mede, and translates the Empire to the Persians. The Jews return from Captivity, and found the second Temple. 529. Cyrus dies. Cambyses Reigns, 521. Darius the son of Hystaspes Reigns. The Magi are slain. The various Religions of the several Nations of Persia, which consisted in the worship of their ancient Kings, are abolished, and by the influence of Hystaspes and Zoroaster, the worship of One God, at Altars, without Temples is set up in all Persia. 520. The second Temple is built at Jeruselem, by the command of Darius. 515. The second Temple is finished and dedicated. 508. The Kings of the Romans expelled, and Consuls erected. 491. The battle of Marathon. 485. Xerxes Reigns. 480. The Passage of Xerxes over the Hellespont into Greece, and battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. 457. Ezra returns into Judaea. Johanan the father of Jaddua was now grown up, having a chamber in the Temple. 444. Nehemiah returns into Judaea. Herodotus writes. 431. The Peloponnesian war begins. 412. Hitherto the Priests and Levites were numbered, and written in the Chronicles of the Jews, before the death of Nehemiah: at which time either Johanan or Jaddua was High-Priest, And here Ends the Sacred History of the Jews. 405. Artaxerxes Mnemon Reigns. The end of the Peloponnesian war. 359. Artaxerxes Ochus Reigns. 336. Darius Codomannus Reigns. 332. The Persian Empire conquered by Alexander the great. 331. Darius Codomannus, the last King of Persia, slain.

http://kronk.narod.ru/library/ambroz-ak-1973b.htm А.К. Ambroz. ETRIERS ET SELLES DE L'ANCIEN MOYEN AGE EN TANT QUE INDIQUATEUR CHRONOLOGIQUE (IV-VIII SS). Résumé Les étriers ont été inventés en IV s dans les pays de l'Asie Orientale (fig. 2, 2) mais ils n'ont connu une grande extension qu'en VII s (fig. 2, 16-19), après l'invention de selle à l'arçon allongé et au troussequin incliné (la première représentation figurée se datant de-637 se trouve sur le monument T'ai-tsoung, fig. 2, 22). Jusqu'au VII s. les nomades préféraient les selles à l'assie rembourrée (fig. 2, 3, 4, 9, 20). Les fragments des selles dures à l'arçon allongé sont trouvés à Péréchtchépino, Chipovo et à Mélïtopol. Les Avars du premier groupe ont beaucoup d'étriers mais leurs selles sont encore à étudier. L'auteur sous-divise les premiers étriers avars, en fonction des proportions de l'oeil oblong, en trois catégories (fig. 1, I, 4, 5, 7; 3, A, B). Les sépultures du 1 groupe sont divisées en trois étapes (fig. 3 et 4). L'étape la (568-600 environ) n'est connue que d'après les données écrites. La menace de la guerre provenant du Nord, Est et Sud contraignait les Avars aux grands déplacements massifs. Comme ils changeaient contuellement de place ils n'avaient pas de nécropoles permanentes. Leurs traces sont extrêmement difficiles à trouver. L'étape I b (environ 600-650) comprend les sépultures 20, 23, 90, 99 à Kôrnye, Banhida; une partie de sépultures du Ier groupe à Alattyan (les sépultures 36 et 40 à Linz-Zizlau (fig. 3, A) leur sont analogues). La date absolue est définie à partir de Linz-Zizlau, sépultures 36, 40 et monument de l'année 637. L'étape I с comprend presque toutes les sépultures publiées du Ier groupe (fig. 3, B). La date absolue est déterminée d'après les analogues de la quatrième période de Sououk-Sou, de Péréchtchépino, la sépulture 7 a Linz-Zizlau et d'après les étriers à datation précise de l'époque de T'ang (fig. 2; 25-28). Certains ensembles de l'étape 1 с contiennent les éléments du II-ème groupe avar (fig. 3, D) ce qui permet de prolonger la durée de cette étape jusqu'aux années 690-700: En Europe d'Est et en Sibérie les antiquités de nomades ne sont pas connues non plus en VI s. mais au contraire sont nombreuses et bien déterminées à partir de la deuxième moitié du VII et VIII ss. L'auteur démontre que les premiers étriers avars et turques ne sont pas similaires. Nouveaux caractères sont apparus à l'étape I с chez les Avars pour devenir ordinaires chez les groupes II, III et chez les Turcs de Sibérie. Les oeils oblongs sont devenus plus courts (fig. 1, I 8-12) parfois sans col (fig. 1, I 18). Les oeils bouclés sont devenus plus grands ou plus hauts (fig. 1, I 28-32). Le corps est angulé ou élargi vers le bas (fig. 1, II 5-11). Souvent les étriers de forme différente sont accrochés à la selle. Ils se trouvent les analogues à l'époque de T'ang à partir de 663 jusqu'à 708 et plus tard encore. L'examen des étriers a confirmé les conclusions que l'auteur a fait en 1971 en étudiant les ornements.

Сырку П.А. К истории исправления книг в Болгарии в XIV веке. Том 1. Выпуск 1. Время и жизнь патриарха Евфимия Терновского. 1898. http://rapidshare.com/files/150192646/Syrk...e_01_1_1898.pdf

Dictionnaire Tаrtаre-Mantchou-Francais compose d'apres un Dictionnaire Mantchou-Chinois, par M.Amyot, missionnaire a Pekin, a Paris 1789-90. telecharger ici http://www.chine-informations.com/mods/tel...ancais_111.html Donc, on peut supposer une transformation: mantchou - mangou - mongol

нашёл у Лукашевича в Корнеслове греческого языка ссылку на Dictionnaire Tаrtаre-Mantchou-Francais compose d'apres un Dictionnaire Mantchou-Chinois, par M.Amyot, missionnaire a Pekin, a Paris 1789-90. Скачать можно здесь http://www.chine-informations.com/mods/tel...ancais_111.html вывод: кыпчаки (татары) и манчжуры есть один народ, поскольку имеют один язык. Манжур- мангулы - монголы - такая трансформация получилась.

дополнительно к факту участия скифского епископа во Вселенском Соборе 325г. Венелин свидетельствует, что там же участвовал и епископ Паннонии. Таким образом не только восточные славяне: сарматы и аланы\русы и болгары, но и западные уже имели достаточно развитую церковную христианскую организацию в начале 4 в. Кроме этого можно и должно подразумевать наличие христианских церковных книг: евангелия и служебных у жителей Скифии и Поннонии в начале 4 века задолго до легендарных Кирилла и Мефодия. Что также опровергает ложь более поздних христианских писателей о дикости славян и русов. Скифы и паннонцы были частью культурного мира с центром на Понте. Венелин свидетельствует, что епископ Скифии подписался как епископ "Рос" (вторая буква омега). Если это так, то получается, что не только писатели историки, но и в официальных документах издревле скифы были рос-рус - кие.

Венелин Ю.И. Историко-критические изыскания. Том 1. Древние и нынешние Болгаре в политическом, народописном, историческом и религиозном их отношении к Россиянам. Изд. 2-е. 1856. http://rapidshare.com/files/137222834/Vene...olgare_1856.pdf Том 2. Древние и нынешние Словене, в политическом, народописном, историческом и религиозном их отношении к Россиянам. 1841. http://rapidshare.com/files/137223474/Vene...lovene_1841.pdf Венелин Ю.И. Критические исследования об истории Болгар. С прихода Болгар на Фракийский полуостров до 968 года, или покорения Болгарии Великим Князем Русским Святославом. 1849. http://rapidshare.com/files/137224277/Vene...Bolgar_1849.pdf