Last roman

Kазаците обаче не са запас, а напълно редовни и действащи части във всички руски кампании /дори и в италианските и швейцарските походи на Суворов/. За да не съм голословен - линк: http://hist.ctl.cc.rsu.ru/don_nc/XVI-XIXbeg/Voina_%201792.htm Всъщност по-скоро бих направил аналогия с помощните войски /auxilia/ в Римската империя. Всяка империя ги има. Иначе по логиката на ник1 и сипаите на британска служба трябва да бъдат набедени за башибозук.

Също така не бих казал и че са паравоенна структура в смисъла, в който влагаме по отношение на башибозука. Казаците са военизирано общество, за тях битките са начин на живот. За башибозука основната цел са грабежът и малтретиране на мирното население. Казаците си имат структура, различни подразделения, специфични униформи и въоръжение. Давам за пример една статия за казаческите подразделения, участвали в Наполеоновите войни: http://history.scps.ru/table/Rus_Army_1812_3.asp

демек 36 милиарда евро, ако правилно съм разбрал. Много бре. Нещо май за 10 години сме попрекалили със заемчетата.

Нали по нашенско бяха открили прословутите скелети с гвоздеи, вбити в тях: http://temanews.com/index.php?p=tema&iid=295&aid=7138

между другото някой има ли идея колко е външния ни дълг към момента.

Благодаря много!

То почти никой не спазва това правило. Иначе ми е много интересно по какви критерии авторът на темата сравнява казаците с башибозук.

абе от тея варварски наименования как само страда прекрасният латински език.

май въпросът е как ще го четем на латински, а не на български.

аз затова постнах някои известни факти от тези църкви, за да покажа, че мисионерството като такова се заражда и прогресира на изток чак до Япония много преди католиците и протестантите да се 'открехнат на далаверата'.

дам, тея китайци като почнат да си кръщават динозаврите на провинции или техни откриватели, настъпа истинска аеробика за езика /напр. Tsintaosaurus, Lufengosaurus и пр. :biggrin:/. Та в случая ще е нещо от сорта на уерхозаурус.

в руския и украинския има дума 'былина', но тя е с друго значение /от рода на истинска история/.

Тук можем да споменем и несторианството, като част от източното християнство, чиито мисионери развиват активна дейсност и стигат чак до Корея, пътьом запознавайки с учението степните народи. Стига се дотам, че монголите също приемат несторианството и спретват т. нар. 'жълт кръстоносен поход' в Месопотамия. Кратичка хронология на събитията на изток /които често не са отразявани/: 285 Papa ordained as first bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and later adopts title of "Catholicos" 290 Brief persecution of Persian Christians under Bahram II 300 Bishop David of Basra goes to India 301 Armenian king Tiridates I converted by Gregory the Illuminator 306 James ordained as first bishop of Nisibis 313 First cathedral built in Edessa by Bishop Qona (first bishop mentioned in Edessa) 314 Persian Synod of Seleucia deposes Papa after he proposes that the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon should have primacy over the other Eastern bishops 315 Letter from Constantine to Shapur II urging him to protect Christians in his realm Papa restored as bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and begins to use the title "Catholicos" 325 First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea asserts Christ's deity (James of Nisibis and a Persian bishop from "India" recorded as attending) James of Nisibis establishes theological school in Nisibis after the Council of Nicaea 326/7 Death of Papa and succession of Shimun bar Sabbaeas as Catholicos 330 First Syrian monastery founded by Mar Augin north of Nisibis 334 First bishop concecrated for Merv 340-363 The Great Persecution of the Persian church 344 Martyrdom of Catholicos Shimun bar Sabbae, 5 bishops and 100 priests 345 Martyrdom of Catholicos Shahdost Thomas of Cana arrives in India (according to tradition) 346 Martyrdom of Catholicos Barbashmin 350 Ephrem the Syrian helps Nisibis repel Persian attack 354 Theophilus "the Indian" reports visiting Christians in India 356 Theophilus "the Indian" consecrated as a bishop and converts king of the Himyarites in Yemen 363 School of Nisibis moves to Edessa, along with Ephrem the Syrian 373 Mawiyya becomes first Christian Arab queen of Tanukh tribe 379/80-401/2 Continuation of the Great Persecution of the Persian church 390 Nestorian missionary Abdyeshu builds monastery on the island of Bahrain 392 Theodore ordained as bishop of Mopsuestia 399 End of the Great Persecution under Yazdegerd I 409/10 Yazdegerd I's Edict of Toleration 410 First General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Isaac) confirms the primacy of the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon as "Catholicos of all the Orient" and the equality of Seleucia-Ctesiphon with the sees of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Rome, adopts the Nicene Creed and establishes metropolitans for Jundishapur, Nisibis, Basra, Arbela, and Kirkuk The Lakhmid Arabs of Hirta receive a Nestorian bishop 420 Second General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Yaballaha I) Ma'na, a student at the School of Edessa, translates Syriac works into Pahlavi (Middle Persian) Second persecution of the Persian church under Yazdegerd I and Bahram V 424 Third General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Dadyeshu) confirms Catholicos of the Church of the East as "Patriarch of the East" and asserts him as equal to all other patriarchs (no longer subject to Antioch or Rome) Bishops appointed for Herat and Samarkand 428 Nestorius ordained as Patriarch of Constantinople Death of Theodore of Mopsuestia 431 Third Ecumenical Council of Ephesus condemns Nestorius as a heretic Rabbula, Bishop of Edessa, burns writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia School of the Persians in Edessa first closed by Romans 443 John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria conclude a theological peace by compromise over Nestorianism 448 Third persecution of the Persian church under Yazdegerd II, including the massacre at Kirkuk c. 460 Formal split between Syrian Monophysites and Syrian Nestorians 470 Ma'na, another student of the School of Edessa, writes religious discourses, canticles and hymns in Pahlavi for use in the Persian church 482 Emperor Zeno (Constantinople) issues the Henoticon, an edict of union designed to bridge the gap between the Monophysites and the Orthodox 484 Persian Church Council in Jundishapur approves marriage of bishops, honors memory of Theodore of Mopsuestia and adopts a Nestorian confession of faith under influence of Barsauma, Metropolitan of Nisibis Rome, angry at Constantinople over the Henoticon, excommunicates Emperor Zeno and the Patriarch of Constantinople 486 Fourth General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Acacius) officially adopts Nestorian Christology and affirms right of priests and bishops to marry 489 School of the Persians in Edessa closed for last time by Roman Emperor Zeno, resulting in remaining Nestorians fleeing to Persian Empire to relocate in Nisibis 496 Narsai draws up rules for School of Nisibis 497 Fifth General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Babai II) 498 Nestorians accompany Shah Kavad I to Turkestan and evangelize the Hephthalite Huns, north of the Oxus River c. 500 The Arabs of Najran (southern Arabia) become Christians 519 Constantinople repudiates the Henoticon, ending its schism with Rome 522 Beginning of persecution of Christians by Jewish Himyarite kings of Yemen 523 The Ethiopians invade Arabia in response to pleas for help from Christians in Najran The Himyarites defeat the Ethiopians and massacre the Christians of Najran 527 Jacob Bardaeus arrives in Constantinople c. 535 The Hephthalite Huns learn to write, as a result of the work of Nestorian missionaries 540-552 Patriarchate of Mar Aba I, greatest Nestorian patriarch under the Sassanids 542-578 Jacob Bardaeus wanders throughout Syria, consecrating Monophysite priests and bishops 544 Sixth General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Mar Aba I) adopts the creed and decrees of the Council of Chalcedon Some persecution of Persian Christians 549 Bishop consecrated for the Hephthalite Huns 554 Seventh General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Yusuf) appoints metropolitans for Merv and Rewardashir 566/7 Eighth General Synod of the Persian Church 570 The Battle of the Elephant, in which the Meccans defeat the invading army of Christian Ethiopia 571 Henana becomes director of the school of Nisibis and proceeds to deviate from Nestorian orthodoxy 575 Yemen becomes a Persian province with some probable conversion of Christians there to Nestorianism 579 Reference to a Nestorian Mar Sergius settling in China 581 Turkish prisoners captured by Persians discovered to have crosses tatooed on their foreheads 585 Ninth General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Yeshuyab I) disapproves of Henana's teachings 596 Tenth General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Sabaryeshu) condemns Henana's teachings, resulting in breakup of School of Nisibis 602 al-Numan, last king of the Christian Lakhmid Arabs, dies 628/9 Maruta named as first maphrian (chief bishop) of Jacobite church in Persian Empire 628-643 Patriarchate of Yeshuyab II, during which metropolitans are appointed for Herat, Samarkand and possibly India 635 Arrival of Alopen in China as first Nestorian missionary 638 Emperor Tai Tsung issues Edict of Toleration for Christians in China and first Chinese church is built at Chang'an Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Yeshuyab II) establishes Halwan as a metropolitanate 644 Eliyah, Metropolitan of Merv, converts a Turkish king and his army 650-660 Patriarchate of Yeshuyab III, at which time there are two metropolitans and more than 20 bishops beyond the Oxus River and a metropolitanate is possibly established for India c. 670 Canons of Shimun (Simon), Metropolitan of Rewardashir, written in Pahlavi and later translated into Syriac 698-705 Persecution of Chinese Christians under Empress Wu 712-728 Patriarchate of Saliba-Zalkha, during which metropolitanate of China possibly created 724-748? Visit of Christian physicians to Japan and reported conversion of Empress (according to tradition) 744 Arrival of new Nestorian missionaries in China Formation of the Uighur Empire in Mongolia 755 Jacob, son of the Christian king of the Uighurs, joins with Kuang, son of the Chinese emperor Hsuan-Tsung, to put down the rebellion of An-Lu-Shan 756 Turkish general Tsz-i, a Nestorian Christian, defeats the rebel Amroshar c. 760-790 Possible writing of a letter purported to be by Philoxenus which mentions Christianity among the early Turks 775 Patriarchate moved from Seleucia-Ctesiphon to Baghdad 779-823 Patriarchate of Timothy I, greatest Nestorian patriarch under the Arab Caliphate, during which metropolitans are appointed for Armenia and Syria and the Kaghan of the Turks is said to have been converted 779 or 781 Nestorian monument erected in Hsi-an-fu Bishops consecrated for the Turks and for Tibet 807 Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders some churches to be torn down 830 Dar al-Hikmah ("House of Learning") established by Caliph al-Ma'mun, composed primarily of Nestorians 830s The Kirghiz drive the Uighurs west to the Tarim Basin 845 Imperial Edict in China results in persecution for Nestorians 849/50 Caliph al-Mutawakkil deposes the patriarch and institutes persecution of Christians c. 850 Probable date of the Kerala copper plates, which give details of Christians in India 878 Last definite reference to Christians in China before the Mongol era 981 Visit of Nestorian monks to China finds no traces of Christian community left 1007-1008 Conversion of 200,000 Kerait Turks 1063 Metropolitan ordained for Khitai (northern China) 1065 Establishment of Nestorian metropolitanate of Jerusalem 1095 Pope Urban II issues the call for the First Crusade 1097 The first Crusaders arrive in the Middle East 1099 The Crusaders capture Jerusalem 1142 Formal reconciliation between Nestorian patriarch and Jacobite primate c. 1180 Metropolitan appointed for Kashgar 1187 The Muslims, under Saladin, recapture Jerusalem from the Crusaders c. 1200 Suleyman of Bakirghan, a subject of the Khwarezmshahs, writes a poem on the death of the Virgin, inspired by Nestorian writings 1249-1345 Date of inscriptions on Nestorian gravestones near Bishkek 1252 Death of Sorkaktani, Christian mother of Mönke (Mangu), Hulagu and Kublai Khan 1253 Visit of William of Rubruck to Karakorum 1258 Overthrow of the 'Abbasid caliphate by the Mongols, led by Hulagu, the first Il-khan 1260 Capture of Aleppo and Damascus by Kitbuka, Christian Mongol general Defeat of the Mongols by the Mamlukes at 'Ayn Jalut 1260-1264 Civil war between Kublai Khan and Arikbuka (who was backed by Mongol Christians) 1264 Bar Hebraeus becomes Jacobite maphrian of the East 1265 Death of Hulagu and Dokuz Khatun, his Christian wife 1265/6 Maffeo and Niccolo Polo reach the court of Kublai Khan 1277?-1279 Journey of Markos and Rabban Sauma from Khanbalik to Baghdad 1278-1281 Governorship of Mar Sergius (a Nestorian Christian) in Gansu Province, China 1280 John of Monte Corvino's first mission to Persia Defeat of the Mongols by the Muslims in the Middle East 1281 Election of Markos as Yaballaha III, first and only Turkic Nestorian patriarch 1284 Bar Hebraeus restructures the Jacobite church in the Persian Il-khanate 1287 Rebellion of Nayan (nominal Christian) against Kublai Khan 1289 Kublai Khan creates a department to deal with Christians in his empire and appoints Nestorian Ai-hsueh as its first president 1289-1290 Other Mongol diplomatic missions to Europe 1291 Monte Corvino stops in India en route to China, visits the tomb of St Thomas, and baptizes 100 people as Catholics First Catholic mission to China, led by Monte Corvino, reaches Khanbalik 1298 Death of Ongut Christian Prince George in the service of the Mongols The Uriyan-gakit, a Turkic tribe, is recorded as having a Christian queen (possibly the sister of Prince George) 1307 Monte Corvino appointed Catholic archbishop of Khanbalik 1310 Muslim massacre of Christians in Arbela 1318 Last recorded Synod of the Nestorian Church in Persia elects Timothy II as patriarch Pope John XXII divides Asia into missionary districts, giving China to the Franciscans and Persia to the Dominicans 1320 Catholic bishopric established in Almaliq (Kulja) Catholic vicarate of Cathay (China) established 1321 Jordanus, a Dominican monk, arrives in India as the first resident Catholic missionary 1322 Odoric of Pordenone, a Franciscan monk, arrives in China 1324 Odoric of Pordenone visits the tomb of St. Thomas in India but finds only Nestorians there (not Catholics) 1326 Chagatid Khan Ilchigedai grants permission for Catholics to build a church dedicated to John the Baptist in Samarkand 1328 While in Italy, Jordanus is consecrated as the Catholic bishop of Columbum (Quilon, India) with a mission of converting the Muslims and bringing the Nestorians into the Catholic Church (but he never returns to India) 1334 Chagatid Khan Buzun allows Nestorians and Jews to rebuild churches and synagogues and permits Franciscans to establish a missionary episcopate in Almaliq 1339 Christians in Almaliq (including Catholic bishop and priests) massacred by Muslims 1340 Nestorian college for "Tatars" still operating in Merv 1342 John of Marignolli, last resident Catholic bishop of Peking, arrives in China 1346 Chagatid khanate again splits into western and eastern Turkestan, both effectively ruled by Turkic governors 1348 Catholics leave Persia 1374 Date of a Nestorian lectionary written in Samarkand 1401 Timur sacks Baghdad, killing thousands of Muslims and Christians 1403-1406 Clavijo, Spanish ambassador from Castile, at the court of Timur 1440 Nicolo Conti reports meeting Nestorians in "Cathay" (China) 1490 St. Thomas Christians from India travel to the Nestorian patriarch in Gagarta, near Mosul, to bring back bishops for India 1498 The Portuguese arrive in India and begin to force many Nestorians to convert to Catholicism 1503 Patriarch Mar Eliyah consecrates Metropolitans for India, Java and China 1542 St. Francis Xavier arrives in India 1552 Formation of Chaldean Patriarchate (Uniate body in communion with Rome) 1608 Matteo Ricci reports finding a small remnant of Nestorians in China 1625 Discovery of Nestorian monument in China 1665 Jacobite bishop appointed for India 1670 Chaldean Patriarch cuts off ties with Rome 1831 Arrival of first American missionaries amongst Nestorians 1846 Revival in Nestorian girl's school Printing of Syriac New Testament Kurdish masscre of 10,000 Nestorians 1852 Printing of Syriac Old Testament 1855 Formation of Protestant Nestorian congregation 1885 Discovery of Nestorian cemetaries in Russian Turkestan by Russian explorers 1917 Nestorian Patriarch Mar Shimun murdered by Kurds 1935 The Patriarch and many other Nestorians emigrate to USA and other Western countries

ми има едно такова ензимче с атрактивното име луцифераза, което предизвиква окислението на луциферина /светоизлъчващ пигмент/ и оттам - биолуминесценцията при светулките. За повече и по-подробно: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase

хе, че откъде са дошли тея 'евангелизатори'? Да не са паднали от Марс? Баш от територията на Римската империя са се домъкнали. А поощряването на християнизирането на Армения естествено било от полза за римляните поради факта, че така се спирало персийското влияние в региона.

Учени съживиха цвете, връстник на мамутите Руски учени отгледаха растение от семена, замръзнали преди повече от 30 000 години в Сибир, съобщи вчера Би Би Си. Екип от института по клетъчна биофизика открил семената във вечните ледове край река Колима. Мястото е известно като едно от основните находища на фосили от мамути. Там специалистите се натъкнали на около 70 хралупи на катерички, в които гризачите складирали храна, сред които и семена от Silene stenophylla, цвете от семейството Карамфилови, което е пригодено да вирее в сурови условия. “Всички катеричи хралупи бяха открити на дълбочина от 20 до 40 метра от повърхността и се намираха в пластове, съдържащи кости на големи бозайници като мамути, бизони, коне, елени и други, както и останки от растения”, се казва в статия на учените в сп. “Ню сайънтист”. Отначало опитите семената да покълнат били неуспешни. Затова биолозите отделили т.нар. плацентна тъкан от тях, която размножили в лабораторни условия. От нея поникнали нови цветя. Учените предполагат, че част от клетките запазили способността си да се делят заради високото съдържание на захароза в тях. Чрез въглеводороден анализ било установено, че семената замръзнали преди 31 800 години. Растението не се отличавало много от това, което днес вирее в Сибир. То се развива по-бавно, семената и листата му са по-големи. Това е най-древният материал от растение, който някога е връщан към живот. Проф. Давид Гиличински, ръководител на руския екип, почина няколко дни преди публикацията за уникалното научно постижение. (24часа) http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=1242493

Да ти кажа - точно кръстоносните походи показват дълбокото разделение между изтока и запада /което се е трупкало в продължение на векове/. Разделение, обусловено не толкова от верски различия /макар че религията е добро оправдание да грабиш без угризения от 'схизматиците'/, а от етнокултурни такива.

Не нам привыкать))

Като заговорихме за религии и психоактивни вещества, предлагам на вашето внимание излязлата в СССР през 1933 г. 'Антирелигиозна Азбука': http://aquatek-filips.livejournal.com/210201.html Съдейки по умело подбраните тематични четиристишия с веселяшки картинки, авторите определено са вземели забранени субстанции, които обаче вместо да разсеят са концентрирали религи... опс - революционната им бдителност.

Абе то като гледам никой не позна, че битката е Аустерлиц. И аз си мислех, че са френци срещу египтяни, а то какво било.

а чалмалиите би трябвало да са мамелюците.

Да, на запад се разпада римската държавност, но оцелява църковната структура. При липса на силна централизирана власт тя е единственият арбитър, към която прибягват варварските вождове. Затова и ролята й нараства. На изток арбитърът дори по църковните въпроси още от времето на Константин е римският/ромейският император, разбира се действащ съгласувано с патриарсите в повечето случаи. Технически погледнато папата е нищо повече от обикновен епископ, който обаче заради историческото положение на диоцеза му претендира за политическа власт. Само дето - на кесаря - кесаревото, а богу - божието. Принцип, който се спазва в ИРИ.

Айде бе, затова имаме християнизация на Армения, България, Киевска Рус, и неуспешен опит за християнизация на Великоморавия /там папските агенти прецакват нещата/?

Браво, Воланд, това са Септимий Север и неговите два сина - Гета и Каракала. Впоследствие Каракала убива Гета, защото не иска да дели управлението на империята с него. Tи си)

говоря за след 476 г.